Written by one the world's most widely-read developers and author of best-selling Oracle books, Don Burleson and Arup Nanda target their substantial knowledge of Oracle Internals to this important book. With decades of experience installing Oracle auditing, Arup Nanda shares secrets for the effective creation of auditing mechanisms for HIPAA compliant Oracle systems. The Health/Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was created to ensure privacy for medical patient data. HIPAA requires complete auditing to show everyone who has viewed confidential medical patient information. This permeates from Hospitals, insurance companies, and dozens of healthcare related industries. HIPAA is a framework that provides a complete security access and auditing for Oracle database information. This book provides complete details for using Oracle auditing features, including auditing from Oracle redo logs, using system-level triggers, and using Oracle9i fine-grained auditing (FGA) for auditing of the retrieval on sensitive information. Best of all, Burleson & Nanda share dozens of working samples in his online code depot. Examples from all areas of auditing are covered with working scripts and code snippets. Your time savings from a single script is worth the price of this great book.

* Provides a complete conceptual framework for all areas of Oracle auditing. * Covers HIPAA requirements and shows Oracle techniques for enforcing HIPAA requirements inside the Oracle database. Offers fast working examples for basic Oracle auditing techniques and scripts. * Show the use of the Oracle9i LogMiner to retrieve audits of database updates. * Shows how to implement all Oracle system-level triggers for auditing, including DDL triggers, servererror triggers, and use login and log-off triggers. * Provides working code examples for auditing the viewing of sensitive information using triggers and Oracle9i fine grained auditing (FGA).

About the Authors:

Arup Nanda		Arup Nanda is the recipient of the coveted DBA of the Year 2003 award by Oracle Corporation.  This award is among the most highly coveted in the database industry, and each year only one of more than a quarter million Oracle professionals is honored by this distinction.  A decade of experience as a DBA has made Arup an expert in many Oracle areas including Oracle Design, Oracle Modeling, Oracle Performance Tuning and Oracle Backup & Recovery. Arup is a frequent speaker in many Oracle related conferences including IOUG Live and has written several Oracle related articles in technical journals in the US and Europe. He is on the editorial board for SELECT Journal, the publication of the International Oracle Users Group.
Don Burleson		Don Burleson is one of the world’s top Oracle Database experts with more than 20 years of full-time DBA experience.  He specializes in creating database architectures for very large online databases and he has worked with some of the world’s most powerful and complex systems.   A former Adjunct Professor, Don Burleson has written 14 books, published more than 100 articles in National Magazines, and serves as Editor-in-Chief of Oracle Internals. Don is a popular lecturer and teacher and is a frequent speaker at Oracle Openworld and other international database conferences.

Table of Contents:

Section I - Overview   Chapter 1: Introduction to HIPAA Introduction to HIPAA, the law, the requirements and the mandates placed by the new regulation. The chapter stresses that HIPAA consists of two important domains – (i) the mandate to protect data and enforce security and privacy and (ii) the description of several types of EDI/EC transactions; and this book covers the first domain, pertaining to security and data protection. Chapter 2: Introduction to Oracle Security A detailed overview of the Oracle security mechanisms and their relevance to HIPAA. ·        Grant security ·        Role-based security ·        Profile based security ·        Grant execute security (invoker & definer rights) ·        Virtual private databases (row-level security, fine-grained access control) ·        Application Server Security   Chapter 3: Introduction to Oracle Auditing An overview of the tools and techniques that are used for HIPAA auditing of Oracle databases.  ·        DDL auditing ·        DML auditing ·        SELECT auditing o       Oracle audit SQL commands o       Fined-grained auditing ·        Auditing backup & recovery o       Auditing disaster recovery plan o       Auditing continuous availability plan ·        Auditing replicated data ·        Auditing sources for materialized views   Section II - Security   Chapter 4: General Oracle Security This is a review of the standard relational grant security as expected in the HIPAA requirements.   ·        Profile Security ·        Grant security o       System privileges o       Object privileges o       Granting to public o       Grants with ADMIN option   ·        Role-based security o       Views and grant security o       Row-level security with views   ·        Grant execute security o       Definer rights and invoker rights.   ·        SQL*Plus Security o       The use of product_user_profile o       Restricting Logon Attempts     Chapter 5: Virtual Private Database Topics include a detailed description of VPD and how they can be used to enforce security and privacy as per HIPAA requirements. ·        Benefits of FGAC o       Dynamic security – Predicates are assigned to users at runtime, and there is no need to maintain complex roles and grants. o       Multiple security - Place more than one policy on each object, as well as stack them upon other base policies. o       No dictionary view proliferation – Thousands of views are no longer required to manage row-level security o       No back-doors - Users no longer bypass security policies embedded in applications, because the security policy is attached to the data. o        Complex access rules – Scalar values (e.g. where salary > 50000) can be deployed. Issues with FGAC o       Requires a user account for every person accessing Oracle o       Difficult to reconcile with other GRANT security o       Access rules are stored inside stored procedures, which can be changed. o       Foreign key referential integrity can be used to bypass FGAC o       Cursor caching in pre 8.1.7 allow bypassing of FGAC ·        Predicate-based security internals ·        Security policies ·        Application contexts ·        Example of FGAC in action

Chapter 6: Data Encryption in Oracle A description of all types of encryption (available in Oracle) to satisfy HIPAA requirements.   ·        Types of encryption – DES, 3DES, MD5, etc. ·        Details on using the dbms_obfuscation_toolkit package ·        Using hashing functions to encrypt data ·        Using data compression as encryption   Chapter 7: Oracle Network Security ·        Vulnerabilities and threats in Oracle Networks ·        Listener Buffer Overflow ·        SQL Injection ·        Packet Sniffing ·        IP Filtering with Connection Manager   Section III - Auditing   Chapter 8: Oracle Audits ·        Audits in Oracle for various DML statements ·        Managing audit tables ·        Archiving Audit Tables to archival media like CD-ROM or Tape ·        Various examples describing the auditing functionality in Oracle.   Chapter 9: Oracle Trigger Auditing ·        DDL Auditing o       System triggers for DDL auditing o       Using Dictionary-based DDL o       Auditing source code changes o       Auditing DDL versioning   ·        DML Auditing o       Installing Automatic Auditing Using LogMiner o       Usage of Logminer for HIPAA update auditing requirements o       Auditing with DML triggers   ·        Server Error Auditing o       Servererror trigger o       Reports Chapter 10: Auditing Grants Security Overview of data dictionary query scripts to locate faults in grant-based and role-based security to satisfy HIPAA requirements.   ·        Auditing for system privileges ·        Auditing for WITH ADMIN option ·        Auditing for synonyms ·        Auditing for PUBLIC objects Chapter 11: Oracle Fine Grained Auditing The Fine Grained Auditing (FGA) in Oracle 9i provides the hitherto impossible area of auditing the exact statement used by a user to simply select data, not update it, as required by HIPAA.   ·        Use of the dbms_fga package ·        Auditing select access as per the HIPAA mandated auditing of Patient Health Information (PHI).  ·        Archiving of audit information to tertiary media (optimal CD-ROM & Tape) ·        Combining FGA and Flashback queries to answer the most important question in addition to who saw the data, what they saw.   Chapter 12: HIPAA Checklists for Security and Auditing   A checklist of HIPAA requirements (and the Oracle features described in this book) that can be used to satisfy the requirements.   This book covers Oracle security audit.

Index:

_ _trace_files_public A Access Control List  admin_restrictions all_def_audit_opts all_policies app_ctx    app_users  application context  aud$_combined audit_actions audit_column audit_condition  audit_file_dest audit_sys_operations  audit_trail   authentication_level   C client_identifier connect_time  Context Based Access crypto_checksum_client   D Data Definition Language Data Manipulation Language dba_audit_exists  dba_audit_object dba_audit_policies dba_audit_session dba_audit_statement    dba_audit_trail dba_col_privs dba_fga_audit_opts dba_fga_audit_trail  dba_obj_audit_opts dba_policies  dba_policy_groups  dba_priv_audit_opts  dba_role_privs dba_source dba_stmt_audit_opts dba_sys_privs dba_tab_privs dba_views  dbms_fga dbms_fga.add_policy dbms_fga.drop_policy  dbms_flashback   dbms_lock   dbms_obfuscation_ toolkit   dbms_rls  dbms_session dbms_shared_pool.keep    dbms_storage_map  DBSNMP  dbsnmp0 decrypted_data  Designated Record Set  Digital Encryption Standard  Discretionary Access Control E enable encrypted_data  encrypted_string  encryption_client  encryption_server  F failed_login_attempts  Federal Information Processing Standards fga_audit fga_log$   Fine Grained Access Control  function_schema

G get_system_change_number  Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act H handler_module   I identity theft idle_time input input_string   input_vector  iv   iv_string      K Kennedy-Kassenbaum Bill  key  key_string   L l_user_id   M Mandatory Access Control   Materialized View mts_dispatchers  N Network Address Translation     O object_name  object_schema   ops$ optimizer_goal  optimizer_mode ORA-02289 ORA-12546 ORA-28110 ORA-28112 ORA-28113  ORA-28115  ORA-28116 os_authent_prefix   osauth_prefix_domain OUTLN P password_grace_time  password_life_time  password_lock_time password_reuse_max password_reuse_time password_verify_function passwords_listener Patient Health Information PERFSTAT policy_function   policy_name  policy_type present_dba_obj_ audit_opts   Protected Health Information ps –aef    R remote_os_authent   S Safe Harbor Act   Safe Harbor Law save_config_on_stop  sec_relevant_cols servererror_log    session_context session_roles sessions_per_user

Set User ID Bit set_user_role  Snapshot  snmp_rw.ora  SQL Injection sql_trace  sqlnet.crypto_seed  sqlplus_product_profile statement_types  static_policy stats$ddl_log stats$sysstat  stats$user_log stats_user_log stmt_audit_option_map  sys_context  system_privilege_map  T table_privileges  TKPROF TRACESVR tracing Transparent Network Substrate U update_check user_audit_trail  user_dump_dest    user_obj_audit_opts   user_policies   utl_file   utl_file_dir   V v$circuit  v$db_object_cache v$session Virtual Private Database VISA USA Cardholder Security Agreement W which

Reader Comments

Other things that make the book must read - the material on listener security, a simple firewall settings, fine grained auditing, and the 10g features. SQL Injection and Application User models described in the book were exactly what we were missing and we got it in this.

A reader from San Diego says:

I haven't finished reading my copy yet, but I had to chime in to concur with the previous reviews: this book is terribly well laid out. The writing is clear and descriptive, but almost as important, it's rather engaging. That helps when trying to dig to the bottom of these often daunting security concepts.

Another reviewer covered this, but I have to say that my favorite parts are also the chapter summaries. They do a great job of recapping the details that were covered. Having all that information covered in such depth is great, but I'd probably have forgotten each chapter's contents had there not been that nice, succinct conclusion at each one's end.

Landmark book for Oracle shops, July 11, 2004   Reviewer: Mike Tarrani "www.tarrani.com" (Deltona, FL USA) - See all my reviews          This remarkable book covers how to use Oracle 9i security and auditing facilities to achieve compliance with three major laws. While the book emphasizes HIPAA, it also addresses, either directly or indirectly, privacy security and auditing with respect to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (Subtitle A: Disclosure of Nonpublic Personal Information 15 U.S.C. 6801-6810 and Subtitle B: Fraudulent Access to Financial Information 15 U.S.C. 6821-6827), HIPAA requirements for protecting data and enforcing security and privacy, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 404 requirements related to integration of transactional systems, logs and auditing trails, and data security. Structure of this book is in three sections: Section I gives an introductions to HIPAA, Oracle security and Oracle auditing. Among the topics covered are grant, role-based, and profile based security, as well as virtual private databases (row-level security, fine-grained access control), and application server security. Section II goes deeper into general Oracle security, covering relational grant security as it relates specifically to HIPAA (but can be also used for Gramm-Leach-Bliley and Sarbanes-Oxley compliance because the requirements are similar regarding these mechanisms and techniques). Also covered are encryption and network security. Section III deals with auditing using Oracle facilities, tables, DDL and DML, and covers the spectrum from grants auditing to fine-grained audits. Again, the focus is on HIPAA requirements (Chapter 11, for example, contains the following topics: Auditing select access as per the HIPAA mandated auditing of Patient Health Information, and Combining FGA and Flashback queries to answer the most important question in addition to who saw the data, what they saw.) This section ends with HIPAA security and auditing checklists, which can be also applied to Sarbanes-Oxley and Gramm-Leach-Bliley security and auditing. This book is an outstanding addition to bodies of knowledge spanning three disciplines - internal auditing, DBA, and IT security & privacy. A copy should be provided to managers and subject matter experts in each of those domains.

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